Not currently on display at the V&A

East Front of the Puthu Mundapum

Photograph
January 1858-March 1858 (photographed), 1860 (published)
Artist/Maker
Place of origin

Linnaeus Tripe (1822–1902) documented much of south India as official photographer to the Madras government (1856-1860). This image shows a Choultry (a Hindu building made to accommodate caravans around a large courtyard) built in the 17th century by the Madurai ruler Tirumalai (also spelt Thirumalai) Nayak. The text published with this photograph explains, ‘In the view [this image] the figure at the left corner is that of Yagopodo Tirrumutha an uniped deity, and the Purana [Hindu scripture] states that Yeaswara formed [the Hindu gods] Brahma and Vishnu from the right and left sides of the same. The figures on the third and sixth pillars from the left are the ever recurring Yali, that on the fifth is said to represent Ariya Natha Muthaliar the Minister and Commander in Chief of Viswanatha Nayak. The figure at the right corner is a representation of [the Hindu god] Siva standing on the head of an Elephant which he has slain with the skin of which he afterwards covers himself.’


Object details

Category
Object type
TitleEast Front of the Puthu Mundapum (assigned by artist)
Materials and techniques
Albumen print from waxed paper (calotype) negative
Brief description
Photograph, No. I 'East Front of the Puthu Mundapum', from the photograph album by Capt. Linnaeus Tripe, 'Photographs of Madura: Part II', South India, 1858
Physical description
This black and white photograph shows a large ornate building that fills most of the frame, at an angle. It is quite faded and yellow. Horsemen are visible on the columns of the building.
Dimensions
  • Photographic print height: 266mm
  • Photographic print width: 378mm
  • Album page height: 451mm
  • Album page width: 574mm
Production typeLimited edition
Credit line
Given by Lady Denison
Object history
This photograph was given by Lady Denison in 1889 during the keepership of Caspar Purdon Clarke, Keeper of the Indian Section of the V&A. It was written off in 1937, and rediscovered and re-evaluated in the 1990s. See Dewan p.415 for listings of other copies elsewhere.
This photograph was published as plate I of nine in the album Photographs of Madura: Part II 1858, by 'Captain L. Tripe, Government Photographer', published in 1860. It was taken as part of Tripe's remit as the government photographer, which he himself defined broadly, as recording, ‘before they disappear’ buildings, sculptures and inscriptions…' including the picturesque. This was a model for an extensive survey, including tuition of others and experimentation in his own practice. He was funded by the Madras government, but intended selling additional copies of some prints so that his practice could be self-funding.

This photograph was published with the following text:
This and the following four view[s] are representations of a vast building with open colonnaded sides, situated as a grand portico between the Raya Gopurum an the Eastern gate of the Great Temple at Madura.

It was erected by Tirumalai Nayak and is generally called his choultry. There seems to have been no defined use for it; here, it is thought by some, the monarch sat and dispensed justice, but the place for that purpose was in his own palace: more probably, it was designed when the Raya Gopurum was commenced to form with it a magnificent approach to the Great Pagoda, rivalling, in grandeur, the solemn avenue of Sphinxes and the Propylon of an Egyptian Temple. There are grand occasions, annually occurring, when the polished black granite Simhasanum (or throne) at the east end of the building, is used for a temporary resting place for the god. This Simhasanum is shut in by a screen of open stone work, in the intercolumniations around it.

The sculptures are of rare excellence; Mr Taylor considers them unequalled except by similar works at Conjeveram.

It is said to have been commenced in 1623 the 2nd year of Tirumalai Nayak’s reign, and to have required 22 years for its completion. It is built entirely of stone, in style, it is partly Hindu, and its cost is estimated at more than £1,000,000. It is oblong, 316 feet in length 80 in breadth, and about 20 feet in height from flour [sic] to ceiling, and is divided into a nave and two side aisles with a portico at each end. The roof is formed of long slabs of granite resting on the pillars, 124 in number.

In the view [this image] the figure at the left corner is that of Yagopodo Tirrumutha an uniped deity, and the Purana states that Yeaswara formed Brahma and Vishnu from the right and left sides of the same. The figures on the third and sixth pillars from the left are the ever recurring Yali, that on the fifth is said to represent Ariya Natha Muthaliar the Minister and Commander in Chief of Viswanatha Nayak. The figure at the right corner is a representation of Siva standing on the head of an Elephant which he has slain with the skin of which he afterwards covers himself.

Historical significance: Tripe's photographs of South India are an important body of work within Tripe's oeuvre, and are recognised as being some of the most aesthetically and technically competent images of India made in the 19th century.
Tripe entered his Madura series as part of total of 50 photographs from his 1857–8 tour of South India in the 1859 annual exhibition of the Madras Photographic Society. The jury dubbed his photographs ‘the best in the Exhibition’ but as Tripe could not be classed an amateur, he could not win the gold medal. Tripe declined the silver medal amicably, since he considered that as an official photographer he had an unfair advantage over the other entrants.
Tripe’s photographs were valued for their informational value and their technical quality. The adjudicating committee stated that Tripe’s photographs ‘illustrate admirably the architecture of the Hindoo Temples and Places of Southern India, and in particular the Madura and Tanjore series comprise in this respect all that is most worthy of record in those cities.’ (See Dewan, p.16). Forty-six of Tripe’s 50 exhibited images were made from paper (calotype) negatives, which the committee didn't feel were as successful as dry collodion-on-glass negatives, however, declaring that ‘the superiority of definition given by Collodion [-on-glass] is very visible when placed side by side with them.’ It is thought that Tripe prefered paper to glass negatives due to paper being easier and safer to work with.
Historical context
The southern districts tour and Madras presidency photographs, 1857-58
The Madras government appointed Tripe as photographer following the 1855 directive from the Court of Directors in London, who discouraged illustration in favour of 'photography as a means by which representations may be obtained of scenes and buildings, with the advantages of perfect accuracy, small expenditure of time, and moderate cash', and asked that photography be the main means of recording architecture and antiquities (Dewan, p.6).

As official photographer to the Madras Government, Tripe set off from Bangalore on 14 December 1857 after delays due to waiting for modifications to his new English camera, and his recovery after falling from a horse. He ended his tour in Madras on 30 April 1858 after travelling via Srirangam, Tiruchchirappalli, Madurai, then Pudukkottai, Tanjore, and Tiruchchirappalli again (then called Seeringham, Trichinopoly, Madura, Poodoocottah and Tanjore).

All of these areas had been forcefully taken under British rule in the previous one hundred years, but Tripe looked for scenes or subjects with architectural or antiquarian interest rather than political significance. He had wanted to ensure his images were practical too: before he had set out he had asked the chief engineer for guidance on what would be most useful from an engineering perspective, and incorporated this input into his work.
Production
Edition number unknown. The album of which this photograph is part is one of between 71 and 74 copies.

Attribution note: The V&A has another copy of Tripe's Photographic Views in Madura, parts I to IV (bound) in the National Art Library, pressmark 104.N. The Royal Photographic Society holds the waxed paper negative.
Reason For Production: Commission
Place depicted
Summary
Linnaeus Tripe (1822–1902) documented much of south India as official photographer to the Madras government (1856-1860). This image shows a Choultry (a Hindu building made to accommodate caravans around a large courtyard) built in the 17th century by the Madurai ruler Tirumalai (also spelt Thirumalai) Nayak. The text published with this photograph explains, ‘In the view [this image] the figure at the left corner is that of Yagopodo Tirrumutha an uniped deity, and the Purana [Hindu scripture] states that Yeaswara formed [the Hindu gods] Brahma and Vishnu from the right and left sides of the same. The figures on the third and sixth pillars from the left are the ever recurring Yali, that on the fifth is said to represent Ariya Natha Muthaliar the Minister and Commander in Chief of Viswanatha Nayak. The figure at the right corner is a representation of [the Hindu god] Siva standing on the head of an Elephant which he has slain with the skin of which he afterwards covers himself.’
Bibliographic reference
Dewan, Janet. The Photographs of Linnaeus Tripe: A Catalogue Raisonné. Toronto: Art Gallery of Ontario, 2003, p.415.
Collection
Accession number
IS.39:2-1889

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Record createdJanuary 3, 2007
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